Stefanie Wefers

""In den Steinbrüchen um Mayen und Lovosice produzierte Mühlen waren in der Latènezeit aufgrund ihrer hohen Qualität sehr begehrt. Immer wieder tauchen sie in unerwartet weit entfernten Siedlungen auf. Die dazwischen liegende Region bietet sich deshalb dafür an, die wirtschaftlichen Einflussbereiche beider Brüche zu rekonstruieren.
Durch die Dokumentation möglichst aller Mühlen in diesem Gebiet gelingen unter Hinzuziehung petrographischer Analysen eine Charakterisierung dieser bedeutenden Brüche und die Identifizierung weiterer bisher unbekannter Quellen. Erstmals werden Absatzgebiete und wirtschaftliche Strukturen kulturgeschichtlich wie naturwissenschaftlich belegt. Neben Erläuterungen zur Produktion, Funktionsweise und Nutzung runden eine Zusammenstellung der ältesten Mühlen des westlichen Europa und die Frage nach ihren Erfindern die Studie ab.
""

Spatial and spectral recording of material cultural heritage is an interdisciplinary task which requires mutual understanding and agreement for achieving a common goal. This task is often tedious, time consuming and not recorded. COSCHKR captures the core knowledge of these interdisciplinary interactions and logically structures it. COSCHKR is an ontology based knowledge representation that represents the experts’ knowledge explicitly so that it can be reasoned to recommend technology(ies) and their technical solutions. In this paper we discuss how technologies are recommended based on their demands from the cultural heritage application especially focusing on large objects. We also demonstrate how other technologies that are suitable for recording smaller objects are ignored while recommending technologies such as photogrammetry and laser scanning suitable for large objects.

The activities of COSCH community and the disciplines it represents were as diverse as they could possibly be in research into cultural heritage. To achieve common goals it was of utmost importance to have a common understanding of these diverse activities and disciplines. Work on the COSCH Knowledge Representation, or COSCHKR, was undertaken to develop a common semantic base representing different disciplines and to facilitate communication within the Action. The COSCHKR is an ontology-based inference model, guided by inference rules that provide a semantic bridge between various interdisciplinary activities involved in non-invasive technical documentation of material cultural heritage. The model is intended to support humanities experts by recommending optimal spatial and spectral techniques. The model may also be used by technology experts to compare their own solutions with the ones recommended through COSCHKR, and to understand why they may differ.
In this chapter we present the methods adopted for designing the COSCHKR and the steps in the development of the inference model. The difficulties in maintaining a common level of understanding within the diverse disciplines during the knowledge acquisition process are discussed. We present mechanisms and methods of information collection, its structuring, and aligning, to formulate different axioms and theorems within the model. The design and development of COSCHKR was based on an iterative procedure where the gathered knowledge was first verified with the group of experts before it was processed. This verification mechanism was important for the reliability of the model, ensuring technical consistency. This chapter highlights the importance of these iterative mechanisms in the validation of knowledge gathered and then information populated inside the knowledge base.

3D and spectral digital recording of cultural heritage monuments is a common activity for their documentation, preservation, conservation management, and reconstruction. Recent developments in 3D and spectral technologies have provided enough flexibility in selecting one technology over another, depending on the data content and quality demands of the data application. Each technology has its own pros/cons, suited perfectly to some situations and not to others. They are mostly unknown to humanities experts, besides having a limited understanding of the data requirements demanded by the research question. These are often left to technical experts who again have a limited understanding of cultural heritage requirements. A common point of view has to be achieved through interdisciplinary discussions. Such agreements need to be documented for their future references and re-uses. We present a method based on semantic concepts that not only documents the semantic essence of such discussions, but also uses it to infer a guidance mechanism that recommends technologies/technical process to generate the required data based on individual needs. Experts’ knowledge is represented explicitly through a knowledge representation that allows machines to manage and infer recommendations. First, descriptive semantics guide end users to select the optimal technology/technologies for recording data. Second, structured knowledge controls the processing chain extracting and classifying objects contained in the acquired data. Circumstantial situations during object recording and the behaviour of the technologies in that situation are taken into account. We will explain the approach as such and give results from tests at a Cultural Heritage (CH) object.

It is common for cultural heritage applications to use spatial and/or spectral data for documentation, analysis and visualization. Knowledge of data requirements coming from the cultural heritage application and technical alternatives to generate the required data, based on object characteristics and other influential factors, pave the way for the optimal selection of a recording technology. It is a collaborative process, requiring the knowledge of experts both from cultural heritage domains and from technical domains. Currently, this knowledge is structured and stored in an ontology (so-called COSCH KR). Its purpose is to support CH experts who are not familiar with technologies by prescribing an optimal spatial or spectral recording strategy adapted to the physical characteristics of the cultural heritage object and the data requirements of the targeted CH application. The creation of digital 3D reconstructed models for analysis and visualization purposes is becoming more and more common in humanities disciplines. Therefore, an implementation of the mechanisms involved in visualization applications into this ontology would have huge benefits in creating a powerful recommendation solution. Illustrating the overall structure of COSCH KR, this paper addresses and discusses challenges in structuring the processes of cultural heritage visualization and implementing these into the ontology.

Application and analysis capabilities of 3D data sets generated through UAV photogrammetry are presented on the basis of an exemplary millstone quarry of the so-called Mayen quarry district (Germany). In general, millstone quarries are technical cultural heritage sites which give evidence for economic interpretations as they are of interest for the reconstruction of ancient procurement patterns. Particularly those quarries which had a high economic impact cover large areas with often arduous accessibility. Therefore, photogrammetric recording using a UAV is the best approach for fast and inexpensive high-quality documentation. The images are used to create a 3D data set and orthophoto. For analysis and interpretation the Spatial Image analysis and Visualisation Tool (SIVT) of i3mainz is used allowing a variety of interactive visualization functionalities. The 3D data are transformed into 2.5D data enabling segmentation of spatial information and volume calculations. Both functionalities support the cultural heritage expert's research: On the one hand the interactive segmentation allows producing a map of the quarry displaying only those parts associated with the extraction. On the other hand the output of the quarry including debris and millstone blanks can be calculated easily. All in all, the entire workflow beginning with data capture using a UAV followed by data processing, (2.5D / 3D) data analyses and visualisation of the results is presented.

Die luxuriös ausgestatteten Wohneinheiten des am Nordhang des Bülbüldağ gelegenen Hanghauses 2 wurden im 3. Viertel des 3. Jhs. durch eine schwere Erdbebenserie zerstört. Statt die Wohnungen wiederaufzubauen, wurden bereits kurze Zeit nach der verheerenden Katastrophe mit Wasserkraft angetriebene Mühlen eingerichtet. Im Befund sind insgesamt acht Wasserradgerinne mit jeweils einer zugehörigen Mühlstube bzw. Werkstatt erhalten. Sie lassen sich drei Bauphasen zuordnen, die in das 4., 5./6. und Ende des 6./Anfang des 7. Jahrhunderts datieren. In der am besten erhaltenen Phase sind insgesamt fünf Räder hintereinandergeschaltet. Neben einer Steinsäge wurden vier Mahlgänge zur Mehlproduktion angetrieben. Eine große Personenanzahl konnte so mit dem wichtigsten Grundnahrungsmittel versorgt werden. Die Mühlenanlage wird in den städtischen Kontext von Ephesos gesetzt und mit anderen Mühlenanlagen verglichen.

The workshop and milling complex in Terrace House 2 comprises seven mills and one stone-sawing machine. Each were powered by a waterwheel. Based on the different features, it is possible to identify three building phases. The first comprised at least two mills powered by two independent waterwheels. The second had at least one mill. In the third phase five waterwheels drove four mills and one stone-sawing machine. In addition, it is possible to distinguish between two different types of waterwheel constructions.

Constant technological progress results in new possibilities to
produce reliable and rich spatial data of cultural heritage objects. In order to make optimal use of these capabilities, it is important to identify and name the information required to best serve the reasoning processes in these application fields. Correspondingly it is necessary to know about the characteristics of digitization techniques producing the content adapted to the needs of the applications. Due to the considerable complexity of instruments and processes producing the data, it is helpful to have a clear structure which relates the capabilities of the instruments to the requirements of the applications. This paper addresses this topic and shows a way of structuring spatial techniques as well as how this structure can be related to applications in the field of cultural
heritage.

In 2011, the millstones of Elephantine Island were documented. Elephantine belongs to the area of red granite at Aswan (the old city of Syene), which is mainly famous for its monumental building stones – e.g. the unfinished obelisk – but also provided a hard rock that served for making millstones. Therefore, it is not surprising that all the Elephantine millstones are made from red granite. There are signs of quarrying on Elephantine, but no special millstone extraction sites could be identified. However, the presence of roughouts within the documented millstones proves their production on the site, maybe also from thereabouts. Seven Olynthiantype top stones, of which two are roughouts and two are stones left in an early stage of work, were recorded – Olynthian-type lower stones have not been found. Amongst the rotating millstones, there is a type not yet described for Egypt: we call them pseudo-Pompeian-type millstones. Their cylindrical top stones reach up to 60 cm in diameter, amongst the five bell-shaped lower stones, there is only one roughout. For the reconstruction, we suggest a design similar to the German “Haltern-Rheingönheim” millstones. The pseudo-Pompeian-type millstones seem to date from Late Antique to early medieval times but could have been in use for a much longer period. Only one rotary quern was found on Elephantine. Two top stones of edge-runners served as mills for crushing olives and three huge granite beams were used as foundations for oil presses.

""6./7. yy.larda Ephesos’un antik yapı kalıntıları içerisine Bizans imalathaneleri inşa edilmiştir. Tetragonos Agorası alanında bir cam atölyesinin, limandaysa yüksek ısılı bir fırının varlığı bilinmektedir. Yamaç Ev 2’de bir çömlekçi, bir renkli metal atölyesi ve su gücü kullanan tesisler bulunuyordu. ÖAI, ÖAW, RGZM ve i3mainz’ın işbirliği sayesinde, Yamaç Evler 2’deki atölye kompleksi incelenebilmiştir. Bu atölyeler, 3. yy.ın üçüncü çeyreğinde depremle yıkılan ve bir daha ayağa kaldırılmayan yapı kompleksinin içine inşa edilmiştir. Araştırma işbirliği sayesinde değirmen kompleksi ele alınıp değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm değirmenler Yamaç Ev 2’nin batı yamacı boyunca inşa edilmişti. Hemen hemen 25 m.lik bir kot farkında, ortak bir kanalla sekiz su çarkı işletilmiştir. Değirmen taşı kırıkları değirmenlerin, olasılıkla da un değirmenlerinin işletildiğine işaret etmektedir. Değirmenlerin konstrüksiyonu B20 mekanı bazında açıklanmaktadır.
WT 2’deki su çarkı bir taş testere makinesine aittir. İlk defa Ephesos’ta, her biri üçer testere kesiği sergileyen, iki taş ele geçmiştir. Bunun dışında su çarkının oluğu ile su çarkını taşıyan eksen kirişinin yatağı günümüze ulaşmıştır. Dikmelerin girdiği delikler, testere çerçevelerini taşıyan sehpanın konstrüksiyonu konusunda fikir vermektedir. Su çarkı 2,8 m.lik çapı ile yak. 1 kilovat gücündeydi. Çarkın dönme hareketi bir manivela ile yatay itme çekme hareketine dönüştürülüyordu. Dişsiz testere bıçakları kuvars kumu ve suyun eklenmesiyle kesilen taşın içine işliyordu. Arkeolojik deneyler 18 900 mm²/h.lık bir performans ortaya koymuştur. Bunun da anlamı, yılda 327 m² kadar levha üretilebildiğidir.""

"Two Late Iron Age rotary querns found in Bohemia manufactured using grey, vesicular lava have been analysed typologically and geochemically with the aim to determine their provenance. Both objects match up with a typology which was developed on the basis of numerous Late Iron Age rotary querns discovered in Germany: The types of the upper and lower stone are characteristic for the production in quarries located in the Eifel. Using a combination of geochemical discrimination, cluster-, and discriminant analyses, both rotary querns could be allocated exactly to their quarries at the Bellerberg volcano near Mayen in the East Eifel area. However, being the only Eifel lava rotary querns known in Bohemia their occurrence is not sufficient to assume a regular and continuous exchange between Bohemia and the Eifel quarries in Late Iron Age times.

rotary quern – Late Iron Age – Eifel – lava – distribution – typology – geochemistry – XRF analysis

Dva české nálezy rotačních žernovů z doby železné, vyrobené z šedé pórézní lávy, byly podrobeny typologickým a geochemických analýzám, jež měly stanovit jejich provenienci. Oba předměty se řadí k typologii vypracované na četných nálezech z doby železné v Německu. Typy, které zkoumaný běhoun a ležák představují, jsou charakteristické pro produkci lomů Eifelské vrchoviny. Kombinací clusterové a diskriminační analýzy byl stanoven původ obou exemplářů na bellerberském vulkánu, poblíž města Mayen ve východním Eifelu. Dva dosud osamocené české nálezy žernovů vyrobených z eifelské suroviny ovšem nelze interpretovat jako doklad pravidelných kontaktů mezi oběma oblastmi.

rotační žernovy – doba železná – Eifel – láva – distribuce – typologie – geochemie – rentgenfluorescenční analýza"

""Im 6./7. Jahrhundert wurden in die antike Bausubstanz von Ephesos byzantinische Werkstätten eingebaut. Bekannt sind bislang eine Glaswerkstatt im Bereich der Tetragonos Agora sowie Hochtemperaturöfen am Hafen. Eine Töpferei, eine Buntmetallwerkstatt sowie Wasserkraft nutzende Anlagen befanden sich allesamt in Hanghaus 2. Die Kooperation von ÖAI, ÖAW, RGZM und i3mainz ermöglicht eine Untersuchung des Werkstattkomplexes im Hanghaus 2. Diese Werkstätten wurden in den bereits im dritten Viertel des 3. Jahrhunderts durch ein Erdbeben zerstörten und nicht wieder aufgebauten Gebäudekomplex eingebaut. Die Forschungskooperation ermöglicht eine Erfassung und Auswertung des Mühlenkomplexes. Alle Mühleneinbauten lagen entlang der Westfront des Hanghauses 2. Bei einem Höhenunterschied von knapp 25m wurden acht Wasserräder über ein gemeinsames Gerinne angetrieben. Mühlsteinbruchstücke deuten auf den Betrieb von Mühlen, wahrscheinlich Getreidemühlen, hin. Deren Konstruktion wird anhand des Raumes B20 erläutert. Das Wasserrad in WT 2 gehört zu einer Steinsägemaschine. Erhalten sind in Ephesos zuallererst die beiden Sägestücke, die je drei Sägeschnitte aufweisen. Darüber hinaus sind das Gerinne des Wasserrades sowie die Widerlager für die das Wasserrad tragenden Wellbalken vorhanden, Pfostenlöcher geben Hinweise auf die Galgenkonstruktion, welche die Sägerahmen trug. Das Wasserrad besaß bei einem Durchmesser von 2,8m eine Leistung von ca. 1kW. Die Drehung des Rades wurde über eine Kurbel in eine horizontale Schubbewegung übersetzt. Die ungezahnten eisernen Sägeblätter schliffen sich unter Zugabe von Quarzsand und Wasser in den zu sägenden Stein ein. Archäologische Experimente ergaben Leistungen von bis zu 18900mm2/h, was bedeutet, dass im Jahr bis zu 327m2 Platten gesägt werden konnten.

During the 6th/7th century Byzantine workshops were constructed within the ancient buildings of Ephesos. So far a glass kiln is known in the area of the Tetragonos Agora and high-temperature kilns from the harbour. A pottery kiln, a non-ferrous metal workshop as well as installations using water power, were all discovered in Hanghaus 2. A cooperation of the ÖAI, ÖAW, RGZM, and i3mainz makes a research on these workshops in Hanghaus 2 possible. They were inserted in the building complex which was destroyed by an earthquake already in the third quarter of the 3rd century and not re-built. It was possible to collect the data of the water mills and analyse them. All mills were constructed along the western front of the Hanghaus 2. With a difference in height of almost 25m eight water wheels were powered by a chute. Fragments of millstones suggest the existence of flour mills. Their way of construction is explained on the basis of room B20. The water wheel in room WT 2 belongs to a stone sawing machine. First of all there are stone blocks with three cuts each, then the channel for the water wheel and the bearings for the beams supporting the shaft of the water wheel. Postholes point to the gallows construction which carried the frame saws. With a diametre of 2,8m the water wheel had a capacity of 1kW. The rotating movement of the wheel was transmitted into a reciprocating horizontal movement by a crank. The non-toothed saw blade ground into the stone with the help of additional siliceous sand and water. Experimental archaeology showed that a capacity of up to 18900mm2/h was achieved, i.e. each year up to 327m2 slabs could be cut. M. S.

Aux 6-7e siècles ont été incorporés dans les antiques substances de constructions de l’Ephèse des ateliers byzantins. Connus sont jusqu’à présent un atelier de verrier dans la zone de l’Agora Tetragonos mais aussi des fours à hautes température dans le port. Un atelier de potier, un atelier de métal non ferreux mais aussi d’utiles installations industrielles hydrauliques ont tous été découverts dans le Hanghaus 2. Une coopération de ÖAI, ÖAW, RGZM et i3mainz permit une recherche dans le complexe des ateliers dans le Hanghaus 2. Ces ateliers ont été anéantis dès le 3e quart du 3e siècle par un tremblement de terre et plus jamais reconstruits et incorporés au complexe des bâtiments. La coopération dans la recherche permit ainsi d’appréhender et d’exploiter un complexe de moulins. Tous les moulins avaient été construits le long du front ouest du Hanghaus 2. Avec une dénivellation de près de 25 m ont été actionnées 8 roues à eau sur un canal commun. Des morceaux fractionnaires de meules signalent l’exploitation de moulins, certainement des moulins céréaliers. Leur construction est expliquée en se fondant sur l’espace B20. La roue à aube dans WT 2 fait partie d’une machine à scier la pierre. Conservés à Ephèse sont en premier lieu les deux morceaux de scie lesquels comportent chacun trois entailles de scie. Au-delà, le canal de la roue à aube ainsi que la butée de l’arbre porteur de la roue sont préservés. Des trous de poteaux donnent des indices d’une ossature de potence qui portait le cadre de la scie. La roue à aubes avait un diamètre de 2,8m et une puissance d’environ 1kW. La rotation de la roue était transformée en un mouvement de poussée horizontale par une manivelle. Les lames de scie non dentelées en fer meulaient la pierre à scier par l’apport de sable de quartz et d’eau. Des expérimentations archéologiques résultèrent des performances jusqu’à 18900mm2/h, ce qui veut dire que l’on pouvait scier près de 327m2 de dalles. E. L.""

"Latènezeitliche Handdrehmühlen im nordmainischen Hessen
Durch eine möglichst vollständige Zusammenstellung der latènezeitlichen Handdrehmühlen des nordmainischen Hessen konnten eine Typologie erstellt sowie durch eine Gesteinsbestimmung Steinbrüche und Transportwege ausfindig gemacht werden. Ihre Verwendung in dieser Region höchstwahrscheinlich schon vor der Spätlatènezeit, konnte durch Begleitfunde und Befundkontexte erarbeitet sowie ihre Nutzung in Hausnähe durch gut dokumentierte Drehmühlenbruchstücke aus neuesten Grabungskampagnen bestätigt werden. Handdrehmühlen können aufgrund ihrer Konstruktion als frühe Maschinen bezeichnet werden, deren Herstellung sicherlich Spezialisten unterlag, denn eine passgenaue Ausrichtung der Reibflächen ist für ein befriedigendes Mahlprodukt unerlässlich. Für die Wirtschaftsgeschichte sowie für die Rekonstruktion der Handelswege in der Latènezeit stellen daher die Handdrehmühlen eine wichtige archäologische Fundgruppe dar.

Les meules manuelles en Hesse (nord du Main) au cours de La Tène
Un catalogue et un examen attentif des moulins à bras de la Hesse au nord du fleuve Main, ont permis d’identifier les carrières et les itinéraires de transport par détermination des roches et aussi l’élaboration d’une typologie à partir de paramètres d’analyse. L’utilisation de ces moulins a commencée dans la région à partir de La Tène finale au moins, et ils furent utilisés à proximité des maisons, comme l’ont montré quelques chantiers de fouilles récents particulièrement bien documentés. En raison de leur mode d’élaboration, les moulins à bras peuvent être considérés comme des machines précoces. Leur production était sûrement affaire de spécialistes, parce qu’un parfait ajustement des surfaces de travail étant essentiel à l’obtention d’une farine satisfaisante. En matière d’histoire économique et notamment pour la reconstitution des itinéraires commerciaux au cours de La Tène, les moulins à bras constituent donc un lot important de trouvailles archéologiques.

La Tène Period Rotary Querns from Hessen north of the River Main
A catalogue of the rotary querns from Hessen north of the River Main and a subsequent examination provided the identification of quarries and transport routes by rock determination as well as a typology of the rotary querns by analyzed parameters. Their use in this region started at least by the late La Tène period and was identified by archaeological finds and find contexts. Their use in proximity to houses was shown by well documented rotary quern fragments from newest excavation campaigns. Due to their construction, rotary querns can be taken as early machines. Their production was surely a matter for specialists, because a properly matched adjustment of the grinding surfaces is essential for a satisfactory meal or flour. Rotary querns therefore represent an important archaeological group of finds for economic history as well as for the reconstruction of trade routes in the La Tène period."

COSCH Final Conference
in Mainz, Germany,
10-11 October 2016.

After four years of an intensive multidisciplinary and multinational dialogue COST Action TD1201 COSCH concludes its activities through this final conference and presents the outcomes of its work devoted to the application of imaging techniques in the field of cultural heritage to the audience of scientists, educators, industry, and end users.
This conference gives a very good opportunity to share the experience from this large & diverse group of experts working since 2013 on the goal of COSCH which is to
provide a stimulating framework for articulating and clarifying problems, sharing solutions and skills, standardising methodologies and protocols, encouraging a common understanding, widening applications and dissemination.

Two renowned experts from the field will add overviews from their field of expertise:
Prof. Dr. Livio de Luca, Directeur de Recherche, (MAP Modèles et simulations pour l'Architecture et le Patrimoine), Marseille, France
John K. Delaney, Ph.D., Senior Imaging Scientist at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USA.

The presentation of results is grouped into four areas:
- Selected presentations submitted to the conference
- Examples from Short Term Scientific Missions realised in the context of COSCH (http://cosch.info/exchange-visits)
- Results from individual Working Groups (http://cosch.info/working-groups)
- Outcomes of six case studies addressing different research questions related to cultural heritage objects (http://cosch.info/case-studies)
> Roman coins;
> Germolles’ wall paintings;
> Ancient Greek kantharos;
> White Bastion fortress;
> Romanian cultural heritage;
> Bremer “cog”.

12-15 September 2017 in Mainz (Germany).
The international conference aims to bring together scientists from all the different fields which are related to ground stone artifact studies, independent of region, culture, chronology or context and to further promote the AGSTR‐network established in Haifa in 2015.
We are looking forward to many submissions for presentations and posters and want to encourage young scientists to participate and submit a presentation. The conference is open to all topics regarding the relation between ground stone artifacts and society. Examples are: Quarries and production, provenance studies, other archaeometric studies, use‐wear and residue studies, bedrock features, technology, symbolism, ethnological contexts, ground stone artifacts in prehistory and protohistory, quern and millstone studies…
You will find all necessary information on the conference and registration webpage:
http://agstr2017.uni‐mainz.de
Venue: The conference will be held at the city center campus of the Hochschule Mainz (University of Applied Sciences).